Millimeter-Wave Circularly Polarized Liquid Crystal Phased Array
Millimeter waves refer to electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 30GHz to 300GHz. The wavelength of these waves in a vacuum is roughly between 10mm and 1mm, which is why they are called millimeter waves. This frequency range offers advantages such as rich spectrum resources, high communication speeds, and long transmission distances, making it ideal for high-speed wireless communication. In recent years, with advancements in semiconductor IC technology and communication equipment, millimeter-wave technology has found widespread applications in fields such as 5G mobile communication, satellite communication, and automotive millimeter-wave radar.
Circular polarization refers to a type of electromagnetic wave polarization where the polarization direction rotates in a circular manner in space over time. Circularly polarized waves have advantages like resistance to multipath interference and reduced polarization mismatch losses, making them valuable for wireless communication and radar systems. Liquid crystal phased arrays use liquid crystal materials to control the phase and amplitude of electromagnetic waves, allowing precise beam control by altering the arrangement of liquid crystal molecules.
The millimeter-wave circularly polarized liquid crystal phased array combines the high spectral efficiency of millimeter waves, the interference-resistant nature of circular polarization, and the beam flexibility and low-cost advantages of liquid crystal phased arrays, providing a novel solution for wireless communication and radar systems.
Hybrid Mode Beamforming Antenna and Wide-Angle Scanning Phased Array
Hybrid mode beamforming antennas and wide-angle scanning phased arrays are two advanced wireless communication technologies with distinct features in signal processing and beam control, driving advancements in the wireless communication field.
Hybrid mode beamforming antennas combine the advantages of both analog and digital beamforming, enabling efficient signal processing and flexible control. This antenna technology allows the combination of different spatial beams for the same antenna within limited RF bandwidth, improving direction gain and signal transmission performance. By adjusting antenna parameters or using different combinations, hybrid mode beamforming antennas can flexibly enhance signal transmission and reception, catering to various application scenarios. Additionally, this technology helps suppress multipath effects and external interference, boosting system interference resistance and signal quality.
Wide-angle scanning phased arrays are advanced electronic scanning array systems that control the phase and amplitude of each element in the array to steer, scan, and track the beam. Wide-angle scanning phased arrays provide large instantaneous bandwidth and scanning angle capabilities, enabling fast target acquisition, tracking, and identification. This technology enhances device performance, flexibility, and reliability, with widespread applications in radar, communications, and electronic countermeasures, particularly in military domains like shipborne radar, airborne radar, and ground-based air defense systems.
Full-Space Dual Circular Polarization Energy Distribution Transmit-Reflect Array Antenna
The full-space dual circular polarization energy distribution transmit-reflect array antenna is an advanced wireless communication antenna that combines the advantages of both transmit and reflect arrays, providing full-space coverage for left-hand circular polarized (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarized (RHCP) electromagnetic waves and energy distribution as needed.
This antenna design uses two basic functional units to control the phase of LHCP and RHCP electromagnetic waves in the entire space. Each unit has two rotational degrees of freedom to decouple and independently modulate the transmit and reflect phases. By combining these units in a multi-functional metasurface layout, independent control of four beams and sidelobe suppression is achieved.
This antenna offers independent dual circularly polarized high-gain beam coverage in both transmission and reflection spaces, with four beams having different deflection angles. With excellent broadband characteristics, the 3-dB gain bandwidths exceed 30.7% (transmit) and 44.1% (reflect), while the axial ratio is consistently kept below 3 dB within the bandwidth. These features significantly improve the aperture utilization and spatial coverage of antenna devices, making this technology ideal for high-integration, compact communication systems like satellite communications.
Miniaturized Stacked Resonant Antenna and Phased Array
Stacked resonant antennas offer wide bandwidth and high gain, primarily targeting millimeter-wave phased array applications. However, challenges such as reducing cavity size and minimizing inter-element coupling remain. Researchers have proposed an innovative approach by introducing periodic slow-wave structures within the cavity, which significantly reduces antenna volume and lateral dimensions. For example, this method can reduce the antenna volume by 69% and lateral size to 0.36λ (λ being the wavelength). Additionally, by adding decoupling paths within the cavity, closely packed stacked resonant antenna arrays can be designed with larger impedance bandwidth, decoupling bandwidth, and lower in-band coupling.
Hyperdimensional Antenna
Hyperdimensional antenna technology is an advanced evolution of Massive MIMO, which involves not only increasing antenna scale but also introducing new system architectures, implementation methods, and intelligent processing. This technology enhances antenna performance by expanding in spatial, intelligent, and energy efficiency dimensions. Hyperdimensional antennas include green and efficient multi-frequency fusion antennas, multi-dimensional precise beamforming, ultra-large-scale antennas, and holographic MIMO technologies. These antennas offer narrower beams, more concentrated energy, reduced transmission power, and lower interference.
Spaceborne Millimeter-Wave Packaging Antenna
Spaceborne millimeter-wave packaging antennas are based on the Antenna-in-Package (AiP) concept, integrating antennas and multifunctional transceiver chips into a single package, achieving system-level functionality. This integration reduces connection losses between the traditional antenna and RF frontend circuits, improving signal transmission efficiency. The antenna and chips within the package are protected and stabilized through advanced packaging techniques, enhancing the antenna's stability and lifespan.
Compact Folding Mobile Phone Antenna
Compact folding mobile phone antennas face design challenges such as limited space, mutual coupling, and signal blockage. To address these issues, manufacturers have developed patented antenna technologies, intelligent antenna switching systems, and folding anti-body antenna designs. These innovations improve signal stability and network switching, ensuring users have a reliable communication experience in various scenarios. Future designs for compact folding antennas will continue to optimize and incorporate more advanced technologies to meet growing communication demands.
Glass Antenna
Glass antennas, also known as window antennas, are a new type of antenna embedded into a vehicle’s front or rear windshield. They come in three types: fine metallic wire embedded in the glass, antennas printed on the glass surface, and transparent conductive film antennas. These antennas may resemble defrost heating elements and are often nearly transparent, minimizing visual impact for the driver. Glass antennas are widely used in the front and rear windows or side windows of vehicles, meeting mechanical, aesthetic, electromagnetic, and aerodynamic requirements. Care should be taken during maintenance to avoid using sharp tools or abrasive cleaners on the antenna to prevent performance degradation.
Morphing Antenna
Morphing antennas are capable of changing shape or structure to adapt to different communication needs. Using advanced materials and technologies like shape memory alloys and additive manufacturing, morphing antennas can dynamically switch forms to cover a broader RF spectrum and enhance communication performance and flexibility. These antennas have broad applications in communication and aerospace, replacing multiple fixed-shape antennas and providing a single device to meet diverse communication requirements, improving system efficiency and reliability.
Organic Electro-Scattering Antenna
Organic electro-scattering antennas are innovative biological sensing components made from special polymers like PEDOT:PSS. These antennas detect small biological electrical signals using light. When electrical activity occurs in the surrounding area, the polymer attracts or repels positive ions in the liquid environment, changing its chemical and electronic structure, as well as its optical properties (e.g., refractive index), which in turn alters the scattered light. Researchers can use optical microscopes to capture this scattered light and measure electrical signals from cells with high resolution. Organic electro-scattering antennas have advantages like no need for wires or amplifiers, high spatial resolution, and durability (capable of continuous signal recording for over 10 hours), helping scientists understand cellular communication mechanisms and providing new diagnostic and treatment methods for diseases like arrhythmias and Alzheimer’s.
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